Project 6-308 Tunisia

PARTNERSHIPS FOR ENHANCED ENGAGEMENT IN RESEARCH (PEER)
Cycle 6 (2017 Deadline)

Evaluation of algal treatment options for olive mill wastewater to produce energy and biofertilizer

PI: Sami Sayadi, sami.sayadi@cbs.rnrt.tn, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia
U.S. Partner: David Blersch, Auburn University, and Walter Mulbry, (Ret.) USDA/ARS
Project dates: December 2017 - December 2022

Project Overview:

6-308_Apr-Jun 2018_Indoor microalgae cultivation in pretreated Olive Mill Wastew

Indoor micro-algae cultivation in pre-treated Olive Mill Wastewater samples [Photo courtesy of Prof. Sayadi]

The conventional olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment methods adopted in Tunisia are either costly or ineffective,causing environmental pollution. This project is aimed at developing an eco-friendly and cost-effective microalgal-based process for olive mill waste treatment and recycling. Such a process should result in the production of (1) treated and reusable OMW for ferti-irrigation use, contributing to resolving the water scarcity problem; (2) renewable biomass useful for clean energy production, particularly bio gas; and (3) bio-fertilizers for agricultural use, using the process by-products, bio char and sludge.

The goal of this project is to develop an eco-friendly technology for creating a closed loop process with zero waste. It encompasses several disciplines and couples physical and biological technologies to achieve the target objectives, including pyrolysis, physical adsorption, micro algae cultivation with OMW treatment and CO2 mitigation, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The project will also foster linkages among the R&D sector (universities and research institutes) with enterprises involved in waste production (farms and olive mills), enterprises producing devices necessary for treatments, enterprises interested in the use of by-products, and farmers. This approach will create a cooperative network for reducing agricultural waste impacts on the environment, exchanging know-how and market intelligence, and developing research capacity and new markets. In particular, the enterprises will be involved in the demonstration activities of proposed technologies. Through the project, valuable resources that are not currently utilized will be exploited and thus will generate local added value in Tunisia. Such an integrated eco-technology should facilitate the production of biogas from the produced micro-algal biomass for electrical and heat energy generation, as well as biodiesel production, the extraction of high-added-value molecules for cosmetics and nutraceutical applications, nutrient recovery in the form of sludge and biochar for soil amendments, and treated OMW for ferti-irrigation use. This eco-technology will also improve the quality of life for local residents living near the OMW discharge area by reducing the environmental footprint of the existing evaporation ponds, in particular reducing populations of mosquitoes and noxious odors from the ponds.

Beyond the technological aspects, the project will also involve the collection and assessment of data to support decision-makers for the promotion of sound strategies and best practices for social, economic, and legislative measures at the regional and national levels regarding agricultural waste management. It is expected to generate business opportunities and create jobs in small and innovative companies for commercializing the process outcomes. The research team will also strive to enhance the impacts of the project by organizing roundtables and training workshops for farmers to help them better exploit the anticipated research results with regard to ferti-irrigation and soil fertilization.

Summary of Recent Activities:

6-308_Truck tankers discharging Olive Mill Wastewater in storage and evaporation

Truck tankers discharging Olive Mill Wastewater in storage and evaporation ponds

The objective of this project, which ended on December 31, 2022, was the development of an eco-friendly and cost-effective microalgal-based process for olive mill waste (OMW) treatment and recycling for the production of (1) treated and reusable OMW for ferti-irrigation use, contributing to solving water scarcity problems), (2) renewable biomass useful for clean energy production, in particular, biogas, and (3) bio-fertilizers for agriculture use produced from the process by-product, the biochar, and sludge. Dr. Sayadi reports that his team’s findings obtained during the project have facilitated the creation of a cooperative network of Tunisian researchers, international partners, and local NGOs for reducing the agricultural waste impact on the environment and exchanging know-how and market intelligence to develop research capacity. The project results also contributed to the development of a new sustainable concept for olive industry waste management and development of value-added by-products. For example, the production of biogas from the produced micro-algal biomass can be used to generate electricity and heat, as well as biodiesel production, ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions. High-added-value molecules (lipids, proteins, carotenoids, chlorophyll, etc.) can be extracted for biofuel, cosmetics, and nutraceutical applications. Sludge and biochar can be used for soil treatments and treated OMW for ferti-irrigation, thus contributing to preserving precious freshwater resources, especially in semi-arid countries like Tunisia.

The research carried out during the project’s five-year term had resulted in four peer-reviewed publications by the time the final report was submitted in late January 2023. There were also valuable capacity building benefits for the 32 members of the project team, 26 of whom were female. These included four undergraduates and one Master’s student who completed their required theses based on their research conducted as part of the project. The two U.S. partners on the project visited Tunisia in July 2019 to offer their guidance, and Tunisian postdoc Dr. Ahlem Jebali was supported to present her work at the IWAlgae conference in Spain in June 2019. PEER funds also provided for a substantial upgrade in the technical infrastructure at the PI’s lab, including a fluorescent microscope, mixer mill, spectrophotometer, peristaltic pump, fume hood, universal light meter, pilot-scale pyrolysis reactor, photometer, and analytical balance.

Even now after the project has ended, Dr. Sayadi reports that his research group will continue working on microalgae cultivation using pre-treated OMW and characterization of microalgae biomass for potential high-value-added molecule recovery and biodiesel production. Their study of anaerobic digestion of algal biomass will be carried out in bioreactors. Under the PEER project, they began with anaerobic digestion of microalgae (Senedesmus, Chlorella, and Picocystis) produced on the different pretreated OMW (by ultrafiltration, biochar, and coagulation-flocculation treatments) in batch cultures, and they plan to develop an anaerobic up-flow fixed bed reactor for biogas production. The spent biochar from the pretreatment of OMW, the treated OMW, and the sludge produced from the anaerobic digestion will also be used as soil fertilizers in future planned studies. The development of bio-fertilizers for agricultural use produced from olive processing by-products, biochar, and sludge are still a work in progress. In order to reduce the impact of agricultural waste on the environment, the PI and his team plan to organize an open day to explain the utilization of olive mill by-products and train farmers on better exploiting these products in ferti-irrigation and soil fertilization. The ongoing work will be well supported thanks to grants awarded by the Tunisian National Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Publications

Amina Maalej, Ines Dahmen-Ben Moussa, Fatma Karray, Mohamed Chamkha, and Sami Sayadi. 2022. Olive oil by-product’s contribution to the recovery of phenolic compounds from microalgal biomass: biochemical characterization, anti-melanogenesis potential, and neuroprotective effect. Biomass Conv. Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02640-9

Raida Karray, Wiem Elloumi, Rihab Ben Ali, Slim Loukil, Mohamed Chamkha, Fatma Karray, and Sami Sayadi. 2022. A novel bioprocess combining anaerobic co-digestion followed by ultra-filtration and microalgae culture for optimal olive mill wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Management 303 (2022) 114188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114188

Ines Dahmen-Ben Moussa, Mohamed Ali Masmoudi, Sirine Choura, et al. 2021. Extraction optimization using response surface methodology and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of polyphenols in Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp.. Biomass Conv. Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01850-x

Ines Dahmen-Ben Moussa, Amina Maalej, Mohamed Ali Masmoudi, Firas Feki, Sirine Choura, Nidhal Baccar, Lobna Jelail, Fatma Karray, Mohamed Chamkha, and Sami Sayadi. 2021. Effect of olive mill wastewaters on Scenedesmus sp. growth, metabolism and polyphenols removal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11200.