 The project team expects to visit more abandoned gold mines such as this one to collect samples and characterize elemental speciation and distribution. (Photo courtesy Dr. Tutu).
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Dr. Tutu's PEER project has come to an end. He and his team achieved a number of milestones that can be summarized as follows.
Water is a scarce resource in South Africa as it is in most of the countries. The few available resources tend to be contaminated, leaving communities with little choice but to use such contaminated resources. This research has explored the possibility of using cost effective methods to remediate mine contaminated water and to recover any potential value from it. A variety of adsorbents that can now be deployed to the sites have been developed and tested at a laboratory scale. These adsorbents have shown potential to remove toxic elements such as uranium, mercury and lead from contaminated water, thus rendering the water safe to use by households. Recovery of low levels of gold from the mine leachates was found to be possible using modified zeolites that tend to be very selective.
Through PEER funding, Ms Bronwyn Camden-Smith graduated with a PhD in July 2016. She is now employed by a consulting company. Her research work was based on water chemistry characterization and modeling of processes
related to the distribution, transport and speciation of elements in mining environments. Over 6 publications and a book chapter were realized from her work.
Two BSc Honors students were also recruited - Ms Tshepiso Mpala and Ms Tshegofatso Mabilane. Ms Mpala’s project was focused on using modeling to predict changes in water chemistry in an acid mine drainage treatment plant. The findings showed that it is possible to reduce the amount of neutralizing agents e.g. lime without compromising the quality of the resulting treated water as long as the sludge produced within the process was recycled and used to condition the incoming acidic water. Further, the work showed that it is possible to use modeling as an integral part of the process design and optimization.
Ms Mabilane has been working on a research project on recovering low levels of gold in mine leachates using sulphur modified zeolite. The project was predicated on the premise that gold that was left over by metallurgical processes and disposed in tailings leaches out over time as a result of weathering of the host ores. This gold can be salvaged by using selective adsorbents such as those containing sulphur groups e.g. thiols as they tend to have a high affinity for gold. The adsorbents have also been found to have a high affinity for mercury, a toxic element that is usually contained in gold mine leachates.
These two projects have since been completed with the compilation of a manuscript based on the first one also close to completion. The manuscript will be submitted to the Water Science and Technology journal. A manuscript based on the second project is being compiled and should be ready for submission in a month’s time.
The connections and collaborations that they have always had with AngloGold Ashanti and the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) have been strengthened. AngloGold Ashanti are interested in the possibility of reclaiming the contaminated water and the recovery of value from the water e.g. recovering low concentrations of gold from mine leachates. CANSA are interested in the effectiveness of the adsorbent materials in removing carcinogenic contaminants. Other organizations that have been engaged through the project are Mintails (a gold mining company) and the Trans Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) that operates the acid mine drainage treatment plants in the Witwatersrand Basin.
In summary, the research findings have shown that it is possible to develop cost effective materials based on natural materials such as fly ash and zeolite to remove toxic elements e.g. uranium from mine contaminated water and that it is possible to use the developed materials to recover value (e.g. gold lost through leachates) from such water. The findings have also pointed to the fact that it is possible to the potential application of these materials on a large scale (e.g. fly ash-cement composite) and also on a small scale (e.g. functionalized zeolite in column systems deployed in household water containers).
The PI plans to continue the deployment of adsorbents in the field, i.e. both at mine sites (bulk adsorbents) and households (small scale adsorbents). A variety of adsorbents (that have been identified as one of the spinoffs of this project) will also be studied in further projects. These have been extended to include the recovery of precious metals such as gold and silver as well as the rare earth elements.