BRDI held a national workshop on this topic in Washington, DC on 10-11 March 2011 to bring together key stakeholders in this area for intensive and structured discussions. The meeting explored options to obtain and promote a better understanding of the computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery processes and mechanisms for openly available data and information online across the scientific domains. The workshop resulted in a report that synthesizes the contributions of the experts, and presents an authoritative and high-level review of the most promising and effective research opportunities in this area.